Introduction to integrals: Rules of integration explained

 It involves the application of the limit function and is closely related to the concept of derivatives.

What is an Integral?

Integration is performed to find masses, volumes etc. It is the process of calculating integrals. An integral can be defined as:

“It is either a numerical value equal to the area under the graph of a function for some interval or a new function the derivative of which is the original function.”

For a better understanding, look at the graph below. If we want to calculate the area under it, what should we do?

One way is to use Riemann’s technique, dividing the area into small blocks and adding their areas.

This technique is not very efficient as it leaves some areas uncalculated. This is why it needs to be modified a little. We divide it into blocks of very small areas:

But you can still see some space uncovered. This is where we make use of limits. A limit function is applied to each block so that the difference between the two sides of a block is approximately zero.

By doing so, there will be an infinite number of blocks, which if you remember is the opposite of the derivative concept.

Types of integrals:

Integrals are classified into two types: definite and infinite. Definite integrals are used to find the area between two specific points of the curve. While the indefinite integrals are used to find the whole area under the curve.

Indefinite integrals are also known as antiderivatives. Indefinite integration of a previously derivated function gives the original function.

Integral notation:

The symbol used for integration is “ ∫ ”. It is a fancy s. When applied to a function, the function looks like this:

The alphabet “c” is used at the place of any constant. In derivatives, the differentiation of a constant number is zero. Integration coefficient:

On computing the indefinite integral of a function, you cannot know if there was a constant number previously. For example:

The derivative of a function let’s say 6x + 4 is:

=6 (using power rule)

(use the derivative calculator to solve).

The integration of 6 is:

= 6x (inversing derivative power rule)

You can see that this is not the original function. If we add a constant to it, we will get the original function.

But the problem here is you cannot possibly know “what was the constant number?”. The derivative of 6x + 1 or 6x + 50 is also 6.

So to remove any type of error, we simply use “c”. Such as:

= 6x + c

Rules of Integration

If you want to find an integral without any rule or help, you will have to understand the function very carefully and spend some time thinking about possible solutions.

For a simple function like 2x, you might make the assumption easily that the original function was x² using derivative rules. But as the functions get difficult and difficult, the integration will become time taking and troublesome.

And your calculations can be wrong. This is why it is important to use rules of integration. Some of the most used rules are given below.

Power Rule:

Power rule is used when you see a coefficient or a variable e.g 3, 8x, 4x³. In differentiation, we apply the power rule. So to find its inverse, integral in other words, we have to go backward.

In the power rule, we subtract ‘1’ from the variable’s power and multiply the original power to the variable e.g 4x³ → 12x².

To go backward, we will have to add one to the power and then divide the variable with the resulting power.

Example: Applying this on 12x² we will get the original function 4x³.

Integrate x².

Solution:

It involves power, so applying power rule:

∫ fx.dx = (xⁿ⁺¹)/n+1

∫ x².dx = (x²⁺¹)/2+1

= (x³)/3

= x³/3 + c

Constant Rule:

When there is a constant value in the function, then on integration, this constant is taken outside of the integral notation and is multiplied at the end.

Example:

9x²

Solution:

∫k.fx.dx = k.∫ fx.dx

∫9.x².dx = 9.∫ x².dx

Applying power rule:

= 9.∫ (x²⁺¹)/3.dx

= 9. (x³/3)

= 3x³ + c

Sum and Difference Rule:

This rule is used when there are sum and difference operations involved between two functions.

In both of these rules, integration is applied separately on the functions and then they are subtracted or added accordingly.

Example:

y³ + 2

Solution:

Applying sum rule

∫ (fx + gx).dx = ∫ fx.dx + ∫ gx.dx

∫ (y² + 2).dy = ∫ y².dy + ∫ 2.dy

= y³/3 + 0 (Applying power and constant rule)

= y³/3 + c

Integration by parts:

Integration by part is a little complex rule. It can be applied when two functions are in multiplication. It is derived from the product rule of differentiation.

Let’s derive the equation for integration by parts. The product rule is:

(ab)’ = ab’ + a’b

On applying integration:

∫(ab)’.dx = ∫ab’.dx + ∫a’b.dx

ab = ∫ab’.dx + ∫a’b.dx

∫ab’.dx = ab - ∫ab’.dx

Example:

1 - x.sinx

Solution:

Applying difference rule:

= ∫ 1.dx - ∫ x.sinx.dx

= 0 - ∫ x.sinx.dx

Solving x.sinx.dx separately.

1.Identifying a and b’:

2.Find a’ and b.

For a’, find the derivative of a.

a = x

a’= 1

For b, find the integral of b’.

 b’ = sinx

∫b’.dx = ∫ sinx.dx = - cosx

 ∫x.sinx.dx = x.-cosx - ∫1.-cosx.dx

= x.-cosx + sinx

= sinx - x.cosx

Putting in the original functions:

 = 0 - sinx + x.cosx + c

You can also solve it through the integration calculator.

Substitution Rule:

Lastly, we have the reverse chain rule. It is applied in specific situations and sometimes function is molded in such a way that this rule can be applied.

Derivative is = b’(x)It is applied when the derivative and the original function are present in multiplication. For example here;

Original function = b(x)

In such cases, the function is integrated first generally and then the values are put.

Example:

(x²+ 2).2x

Solution:

Observing the above question we can see that 2x is the derivative of x²+2. This completes the condition for the substitution rule.

On using rule, we will have b = x² + 2, so:

∫(x²+2).2x.dx = ∫ b. db

= ∫ b¹⁺¹/2. db

= b²/2

Putting the value of b, we have;

= (x²+2)²/2 + c

These were some important rules used in the integration process. Hope this article was helpful.